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INTERACTIVE LAB

Explore what changes the decision.

Three simplified illustrations connect optical science, clinical adoption and risk-adjusted value.

INTERACT / 01 · OPTICS

See why optical detail matters.

Adjust focus, spherical aberration and coma to see how small optical changes alter the ray pattern.

AN OPTICAL ILLUSTRATIONINTERACT / 01
Ten rays with adjustable focus, spherical aberration and comaParaxial focus is on the image plane. Spherical aberration is zero. Coma is zero. The dots mark the ten ray intersections with the image plane.
LensImage planeParaxial focus

CHANGE ONE OPTICAL PROPERTY AT A TIME

Focus position
BeforeBeyond

Move the focus of rays near the optical axis relative to the image plane.

Spherical aberration
− Negative+ Positive

Positive: outer rays focus earlier. Negative: outer rays focus later.

Coma
− Negative+ Positive

Change the direction of the asymmetric ray spread.

Paraxial focus is on the image plane. Spherical aberration is zero. Coma is zero.

How this model works

The model uses ten equally spaced rays in one vertical section. The controls show relative strengths, not diopters, micrometers or Zernike coefficients. Coma is imposed independently; no compensating tilt is applied.

The letter sample uses the same ray offsets to suggest vertical spreading. It is not a retinal image, diffraction pattern or calibrated eye model. The controls do not provide diagnostic or treatment guidance.

For comparison without moving the sliders: zero aberration and aligned focus bring all ten rays to one point. Spherical aberration changes the focus of outer rays symmetrically; changing coma’s sign mirrors the asymmetric spread.

Optical principles ↗

AT THE IMAGE PLANE

Sampled vertical ray spreadEach dot is one ray at the image plane, arranged in columns by pupil position. Dots in a flat row indicate a common image height. Spherical aberration gives a symmetric spread about the axis; coma bends the fan to one side.10 samples across the pupil

Move one control at a time. The white ring marks the focus of rays near the axis; the green dots show where the ten rays reach the image plane.

A useful optical model shows both what it explains and what it leaves out. See the wavefront-guided LASIK research ↗

INTERACT / 02 · ADOPTION

Patients and surgeons both need to see value.

Explore what happens when one side of clinical product–market fit is missing.

INTERACT / 02PRODUCT–MARKET FIT

Patients must value it.
Surgeons must want to
use it again.

Patient experience
FrustratedDelighted

Vision, recovery, expectations and daily life.

Surgeon experience
FrustratedDelighted

Confidence in outcomes, workflow and repeat use.

Surgeon experience
Patient experience
Patients see value. What makes delivery difficult for the surgeon?

Positive experiences are a starting point. Product–market fit also needs evidence of demand, repeat adoption and sustainable economics.

About this illustration

Explore hypothetical patient and surgeon experiences. The slider positions and map regions are qualitative assumptions, not measured satisfaction, clinical outcomes or validated thresholds. No combined score is calculated: a positive experience for one group does not cancel out friction for the other.

Discuss an adoption barrier ↗

INTERACT / 03 · VALUE

Evidence can change the investment case.

INTERACT / 03SCIENCE INTO VALUE

Which uncertainty could
change the investment case?

Evidence can change the estimated chance of success. Move the assumption to see its effect in this simplified example.

Illustrative risk-adjusted
project value€45m
€0€100m
Assumed probability of commercial success
10% · Higher risk90% · Lower risk

Change the assumed probability. The values of success and failure remain fixed.

Example only: €100m if successful and €0 if unsuccessful. This is a probability-weighted project illustration, not a company valuation.

Assumptions & valuation principle

This two-outcome illustration weights each assumed net present value by its probability. For example, a 45% chance of success gives 0.45 × €100m + 0.55 × €0 = €45m. Failure value is simplified to zero.

The outcome values are held fixed in today’s money, with costs and timing assumed to be included. The tool does not estimate evidence quality or infer a probability from a study. Real project values also depend on market opportunity, remaining costs and timing; company equity value additionally reflects financing and other assets and liabilities.

More research does not automatically increase value. New findings can raise or lower the estimated chance of success. No actual project, company or investment return is forecast.

Valuation principle: Aswath Damodaran, NYU Stern ↗

Which clinical, technical or adoption uncertainty should you test before committing more capital?

Explore the investor perspective ↗